Chitosan Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Research Articles

Characterization and therapeutic potential of chitosan‐zinc oxide nanostructured particles synthesized using crab shell derived biopolymer

AbstractThe development of novel drug candidates for treating microbial infections and cancer turns into a challenging task. The biopolymer‐based nanomaterials have gained popularity for their effective roles in the pharmaceutical sector. The present investigation aims to valorize crab shell wastes to extract chitosan. The obtained (chitosan) biomass was utilized to synthesize chitosan‐zinc oxide nanoparticles (Ch‐ZnO‐NPs). The nanomaterial characterization was achieved by a variety of physicochemical techniques including UV, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), elemental analysis, and High‐resolution transmission electron microscopic (HR‐TEM) examination. The synthesized nanomaterials have a particle size range of 35–80 nm and are more stable with a zeta potential value of (−40.78) mv. Additionally, the designed nanomaterials were utilized to evaluate the biological efficiency. The minimal inhibitory concentration value of Ch‐ZnO‐NPs was observed as 10 μg/mL. The designed nanomaterials significantly reduced the growth of Vibrio alginolyticus and Bacillus cereus and inhibited biofilm formation. The synthesized Ch‐ZnO‐NPs unveiled cytotoxic effects on A549 cells with an IC50 (half‐maximal inhibitory concentration) of 20 μg/mL. Furthermore, substantial increase in cell death was noticed in A549 cells treated with Ch‐ZnO‐NPs. Consequently, this investigation concludes that Ch‐ZnO‐NPs may act as a biomedicine.

Therapeutic Effect of Chitosan-Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles on Acute Kidney Injury Induced by Gentamicin in Wistar Rats

Background: Gentamicin (GM) is an antibiotic frequently used to treat severe gram-negative infections. However, due to nephrotoxicity, its clinical application is restricted. Several lines of evidence indicate that free radicals are important mediators of gentamicin nephrotoxicity. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to examine the potential antioxidant therapeutic value of ZnO-chitosan nanoparticles on gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity. Methods: Twenty-four rats were divided into four groups (6 rats/group). All groups except group 1 were injected with gentamicin (100 mg/kg body weight i.p.) for eight days. On day 9, rats of groups 1 and 2 were administrated distilled water, and those of groups 3 and 4 were administrated 1/10 and 1/20 LD50 of ZnO-CS-NPs continuously for 30 days. Results: Treatment with ZnO-CS NPs caused a significant decrease in urea, creatinine, uric acid, sodium, potassium, chloride, microalbumin, and malondialdehyde levels; this was accompanied by a significant increase in kidney glutathione reduced, nitric oxide, superoxide dismutase, glutathione S-transferase, and catalase. Conclusion: The findings of the current study revealed that ZnO-CS NP ameliorated kidney injury against gentamicin induced-acute kidney injury in rats by its antioxidant properties.

Improving the quality of grapes by coating chitosan–zinc oxide nanoparticles

The current work aimed to improve the grape nutritional quality, by coating applications through the combined treatment of chitosan–zinc oxide nanoparticles and essential oil. Four coating syntheses have been prepared. The control was prepared with the addition of distilled water, 1% glycerol, and 0.5% acetic acid, the second treatment chitosan (CS) was prepared by mixing 1 g chitosan powder with 0.5% acetic acid solution, 1% glycerol, and stirred for 12 hours at a temperature of 40 °C, the third treatment CS-ZNO was prepared with 1% zinc oxide nanoparticles and CS mother solution, while the fourth treatment (CS-ZNO-EO) synthesis was prepared to blend CS-ZNO with 1% essential bergamot oil (BO). Several physical, chemical and biological parameters evaluation was carried out on grapes every (0, 4, 7, 14, and 16 days). The study findings revealed that the berry abscission index was positively affected by CS-NZO and CS-NZO-EO treatments, which presented lower values of 2.58% and 1.77% respectively. The inhibitory effects were increased during the whole shelf life to reach 3.62–5.47 Log CFU/Berry at the end of the storage period, nevertheless of the orders of the various treatments. The maximum decrease in microbial contamination (3.62 Log CFU/Berry) was observed in the CS-NZO-EO treated samples on the 16th day. Though, the lowest soluble solid content (SSC) value was established by the control that was the worst to reach 12.11% towards the end of the storage period. In the same trend, CS-NZO and CS treatments recorded similar values of 13.5% and 12.78%, respectively. The lowest value for titratable acidity (TA) was detected for the control samples on the 16th day of storage 0.32 g/100 g citric acid. The highest TA value was established for CS-NZO-EO and CS treatments that reported 0.46 g/100 g and 0.45 g/100 g citric acid, respectively. The value of catalase enzyme activity (CAT) reached the bottom 21.55 U/g after 16 days for control samples. CS-NZO increased again between 14 and16 days to achieve the highest value of 39.74 U/g; while the CAT activity of grape samples coated with single CS or CS-NZO-EO detected increases on the 16th day to reach 38.47 and 32.74 U/g, respectively. Further studies on combined treatment therapy are needed to optimize the applications of the protective coating of foods in the food industry.

Hydrogen-assisted facile synthesis of N,N,N-trimethyl chitosan stabilized zinc oxide nanoparticles and its influence on the quality of Solanum lycopersicum L

The climacteric nature of tomatoes results in the rapid deterioration of the fruit which in turn reduces the shelf-life. Herein, the role of N,N,N-trimethyl chitosan zinc oxide nanoparticles (NTMC-ZnONPs) and the additive advantage in the quality and/or shelf-life extension of post-harvested tomato fruits was investigated. NTMC-ZnONPs was synthesized through green reduction of zinc salt in the presence of clean hydrogen gas and water-soluble N,N,N-Trimethyl chitosan as a stabilizing agent. The UV–Vis spectroscopic measurement shows that NTMC-ZnONPs exhibit a strong surface plasmon resonance at 360 nm which is true for ZnONPs. The detailed characterization of NTMC-ZnONPs confirmed the formation of ZnONPs with an average particle size of 37.6 nm. Furthermore, varied concentrations of NTMC-ZnONPs were applied by dipping unblemished tomato fruit in the solution of NTMC-ZnONPs for 60 s and thereafter stored in a plastic container. Physicochemical quality parameter data of the NTMC-ZnONPs-treated tomato fruit were collected, namely: color, total suspended solids (TSS), vitamin C, lycopene, pH, β-carotene, shelf life, and firmness. NTMC-ZnONPs were found to significantly improve the fruit firmness, color, β-carotene content, shelf-life, and taste of tomato fruit while the TSS was found to increase as ripening progresses. Therefore, this study ascertains the applicability and/or suitability of green NTMC-ZnONPs in the enhancement of fruit quality when coated with NTMC-ZnONPs during storage.

Foliar application of chitosan zinc oxide nanoparticles on wheatproductivity and water use efficiency under deficit irrigation water

Foliar application of chitosan zinc oxide nanoparticles on wheatproductivity and water use efficiency under deficit irrigation water

Chitosan-ZnO Nanocomposites Assessed by Dielectric, Mechanical, and Piezoelectric Properties.

The aim of this work is to structurally characterize chitosan-zinc oxide nanoparticles (CS-ZnO NPs) films in a wide range of NPs concentration (0–20 wt.%). Dielectric, conductivity, mechanical, and piezoelectric properties are assessed by using thermogravimetry, FTIR, XRD, mechanical, and dielectric spectroscopy measurements. These analyses reveal that the dielectric constant, Young’s modulus, and piezoelectric constant (d33) exhibit a strong dependence on nanoparticle concentration such that maximum values of referred properties are obtained at 15 wt.% of ZnO NPs. The piezoelectric coefficient d33 in CS-ZnO nanocomposite films with 15 wt.% of NPs (d33 = 65.9 pC/N) is higher than most of polymer-ZnO nanocomposites because of the synergistic effect of piezoelectricity of NPs, elastic properties of CS, and optimum NPs concentration. A three-phase model is used to include the chitosan matrix, ZnO NPs, and interfacial layer with dielectric constant higher than that of neat chitosan and ZnO. This layer between nanoparticles and matrix is due to strong interactions between chitosan’s side groups with ZnO NPs. The understanding of nanoscale properties of CS-ZnO nanocomposites is important in the development of biocompatible sensors, actuators, nanogenerators for flexible electronics and biomedical applications.

SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF METALLIC AND POLYMERIC NANOPARTICLES AND THEIR EFFECT ON THE ANTIBACTERIAL PROPERTIES OF MICROHYBRID COMPOSITE RESIN

INTRODUCTION: During the past decade, composites have become the most commonly used restorative materials. The rate of dental caries following treatment with composite resin is high. Therefore, one of the most applicable methods for preventing enamel demineralization around the restorations is using dental materials resistant to the bacterial accumulation OBJECTIVES: To synthesis and characterize antibacterial nanoparticles and to evaluate the effect of blending microhybrid composite with zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO), Chitosan (Cs) and combination of both Chitosan/Zinc oxide nanoparticles (Cs/ZnO) and properties of these nanoparticles on the composite resin. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Three antibacterial nanoparticles were prepared and characterized in terms of particle size, zeta potential, shape, morphology and functional group determination. Minimum inhibitory concentration of the nanoparticles was determined. The nanoparticles were incorporated into commercial microhybrid composite resin. The antibacterial properties against Streptococcus mutans were evaluated by disc diffusion test and direct contact test. The results were analyzed using ANOVA test at p ≤ .05 significance level. RESULTS: For agar diffusion disc, incorporation of ZnO nanoparticles into the composite resin results in an antibacterial effect which lasted for up to 12 weeks, while for the Cs and Cs/ZnO nanoparticles the antibacterial effect lasted for up to 2 weeks. The direct contact test visualized under SEM also showed that incorporation of ZnO nanoparticles into composite resin to be the most inhibitory in all the 4 groups, denoting that ZnO-NPs has a far better inhibitory effect than Cs-NPs and Cs/ ZnO-NPs. CONCLUSIONS Antibacterial nanoparticles could be synthesized and characterized by Zetasizer NanoZS, scanning electron, transmission microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Incorporation of ZnO, Cs and Cs/ZnO nanoparticles into the composite resin could significantly inhibit the S. mutans. The antimicrobial efficacy of the ZnO nanoparticles blended with microhybrid composite resin was confirmed for a duration up to 12 weeks

Development of a Solid-Phase Extraction (SPE) Cartridge Based on Chitosan-Metal Oxide Nanoparticles (Ch-MO NPs) for Extraction of Pesticides from Water and Determination by HPLC.

The present study aims to prepare two new types of chitosan-metal oxide nanoparticles (Ch-MO NPs), namely, chitosan-copper oxide nanoparticles (Ch-CuO NPs) and chitosan-zinc oxide nanoparticles (Ch-ZnO NPs), using sol-gel precipitation mechanism, and test them new as adsorbent materials for extraction and clean-up of different pesticides from water. The design of core-shell was implemented by metal oxide core with chitosan as a hard shell after crosslinking mechanism by glutaraldehyde and then epichlorohydrin. The characterizations of the prepared nanoparticles were investigated using Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FT-IR), zeta potential, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). FT-IR confirmed the interaction between chitosan, metal oxide, and crosslinking mechanism. SEM and TEM explained that the nanoparticles have a spherical morphology and nanosize of 93.74 and 97.95 nm for Ch-CuO NPs and Ch-ZnO NPs, respectively. Factorial experimental design was applied to study the effect of pH, concentration of pesticide, agitation time, and temperature on the efficiency of adsorption of pesticides from water samples. The results indicated that optimum conditions were pH of 7, temperature of 25°C, and agitation time of 25 min. The SPE cartridges were then packed with Ch-MO NPs, and seven pesticides of abamectin, diazinon, fenamiphos, imidacloprid, lambda-cyhalothrin, methomyl, and thiophanate-methyl were extracted from water samples and determined by HPLC. The extraction efficiency of Ch-ZnO NPs was higher than Ch-CuO NPs, but both removed a larger amount of most of tested pesticides than the standard ODS cartridge (C18). The results showed that this method achieves rapid and simple extraction in small quantities of adsorbents (Ch-MO NPs) and solvents. In addition, the method is highly sensitive to pesticides and has a high recovery rate.

Application of Chitosan-Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles for Lead Extraction From Water Samples by Combining Ant Colony Optimization with Artificial Neural Network

Сhitosan-zinc oxide nanoparticles (CZPs) were developed for solid-phase extraction. Combined artificial neural network–ant colony optimization (ANN–ACO) was used for the simultaneous preconcentration and determination of lead (Pb2+) ions in water samples prior to graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GF AAS). The solution pH, mass of adsorbent CZPs, amount of 1-(2-pyridylazo)-2-naphthol (PAN), which was used as a complexing agent, eluent volume, eluent concentration, and flow rates of sample and eluent were used as input parameters of the ANN model, and the percentage of extracted Pb2+ ions was used as the output variable of the model. A multilayer perception network with a back-propagation learning algorithm was used to fit the experimental data. The optimum conditions were obtained based on the ACO. Under the optimized conditions, the limit of detection for Pb2+ ions was found to be 0.078 μg/L. This procedure was also successfully used to determine the amounts of Pb2+ ions in various natural water samples.

Textile Dye Removal from Wastewater Effluents Using Chitosan-ZnO Nanocomposite

Textile dyeing industry effluents require advanced treatment technologies such as adsorption for the removal of dyestuffs. In this Study Chitosan Zinc Oxide Nano composite was used as an adsorbent for removal of sample that contains two reactive dyes: Reactive Black HN and Reactive Magenta HB from textile dying industry effluent. The color removal performance of Chitosan Zinc oxide Nanocomposite has been investigated using parameters such as temperature, composite loading, time of contact and turbidity. It was found that composite exhibits dye removal efficiency that is about 95-99%. Batch adsorption studies of color removal from effluents of Textile dyeing industry were carried out using Chitosan-zinc oxide Nano particles composite. Results showed that color adsorption increases with the increase of the dosage of composite. In this study, optimum dosage was found for the removal of dye from Textile effluents. It was found that using 2 gm of Composite per liter of effluent at ambient temperature (50°C) and 60 minutes time of contact, it may be possible to remove 99% of the original color of the effluent.

Matrix solid-phase dispersion with chitosan-zinc oxide nanoparticles combined with flotation-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for the determination of 13 n-alkanes in soil samples.

In this study, chitosan-zinc oxide nanoparticles were used as a sorbent of miniaturized matrix solid-phase dispersion combined with flotation-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for the simultaneous determination of 13 n-alkanes such as C8 H18 and C20 H42 in soil samples. The solid samples were directly blended with the chitosan nanoparticles in the solid-phase dispersion method. The eluent of solid-phase dispersion was applied as the dispersive solvent for the following flotation-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for further purification and enrichment of the target compounds prior to gas chromatography with flame ionization detection. Under the optimum conditions, good linearity with correlation coefficients in the range 0.9991 < r(2) < 0.9995 and low detection limits between 0.08 to 2.5ng/g were achieved. The presented procedure combined the advantages of chitosan-zinc oxide nanoparticles, solid-phase dispersion and flotation-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction, and could be applied for the determination of n-alkanes in complicated soil samples with acceptable recoveries.

Chitosan–Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Combined with Dispersive Liquid–Liquid Microextraction for the Determination of BTEX in Water Samples

In this study, chitosan–zinc oxide nanoparticles were used as an adsorbent matrix for solid-phase extraction and combined with dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (SPE–DLLME) for determination of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene isomers (BTEX) in water samples. The eluent of SPE was used as the dispersive solvent of the DLLME for further purification and enrichment of the BTEX prior to gas chromatography-flame ionization detector analysis. The effect of variables, including amount of adsorbent, sample and eluent flow rate, type and volume of extraction and dispersive solvent, salt concentration, and extraction time, was investigated and they were optimized. Under the optimum conditions, good linearity for all BTEX with determination coefficients in the range of 0.9993 &lt; r2 &lt; 0.9997, suitable precision (1.4 % &lt; RSD &lt;1.9 %; where RSD refers to relative standard deviation), and low detection limits (0.5–1.1 µg L–1) were achieved. The current chitosan–zinc oxide nanoparticles SPE–DLLME procedure combines the advantages of SPE and DLLME, and was applied for determination of BTEX in water samples and acceptable recoveries were obtained.

Removal of permethrin pesticide from water by chitosan–zinc oxide nanoparticles composite as an adsorbent

Synthesis of chitosan–ZnO nanoparticles (CS–ZnONPs) composite beads was performed by a polymer-based method. The resulting bionanocomposite was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) spectroscopy and infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Adsorption applications for removal of pesticide pollutants were conducted. The optimum conditions, including adsorbent dose, agitating time, initial concentration of pesticide and pH on the adsorption of pesticide by chitosan loaded with zinc oxide nanoparticles beads were investigated. Results showed that 0.5 g of the bionanocomposite, in room temperature and pH 7, could remove 99% of the pesticide from permethrin solution (25 ml, 0.1 mg L−1), using UV spectrophotometer at 272 nm. Then, the application of the adsorbent for pesticide removal was studied in the on-line column. The column was regenerated with NaOH solution (0.1 M) completely, and then reused for adsorption application. The CS–ZnONPs composite beads appear to be the new promising material in water treatment application with 56% regeneration after 3 cycles.